世界上已发现的原油资源中,稠油储量占比超过2/3。由于稠油黏度高、流动性差,开采难度大,对技术要求高。针对中国稠油油藏类型多和深度变化大的特点,分析总结了国内外稠油开采现状和提高开采效率的主要技术方向,结合现场生产动态,探讨了现有商业化开采技术对不同类型稠油油藏的适应性、应用潜力和面临的主要技术挑战。研究结果表明,蒸汽吞吐仍然是中国稠油开采的主要方式,但大部分油田已经进入到蒸汽吞吐开采的末期,开采效率低,目前成熟接替技术(蒸汽驱、SAGD和火烧油层)的适用油藏范围有限,急需研发新的接替技术;中深层稠油开发技术系列较为成熟,但针对深层、超深层和复杂类型(如裂缝/溶洞性)稠油油藏的提高采收率技术尚不成熟,加强井下产生蒸汽、溶剂辅助、原位改质和气化等前沿技术的研究更具现实意义和应用前景。研究成果对拓展稠油开采技术研究领域和方向具有借鉴和指导作用。
Heavy oil reserves account for more than 2/3 of the discovered crude oil resources in the world. Due to the high viscosity and poor fluidity of heavy oil, its recovery is difficult, with high technical requirements. According to the characteristics of many types and large depth changes of heavy oil reservoirs in China, the current status of heavy oil recovery at home and abroad and the main technical direction of improving recovery efficiency were analyzed and summarized; combining with the field production performance, the adaptability, application potential and main technical challenges of existing commercial recovery technologies to different types of heavy oil reservoirs were discussed. The results show that steam huff and puff is still the main method of heavy oil recovery in China. However, most of the oil fields have entered the end period of production, and the recovery efficiency is low. At present, the application scope of mature replacement technologies (steam flooding, SAGD and in-situ combustion) is limited, so it is urgent to develop new replacement technologies. The series of heavy oil development technologies in the middle and deep layers are relatively mature, but the EOR technologies for deep, ultra-deep and complex types (such as fractured/karst cave) of heavy oil reservoirs are not yet mature. It is of more practical significance and application prospect to strengthen the research on frontier technologies such as generating steam downhole, solvent assisted, in-situ upgrading and gasification. The research results can be used for reference and guidance to expand the research field and direction of heavy oil recovery technologies.
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